[英语]认识改错特点， 掌握做题方法2007-8-9 15:23:00　阅读 次 参与讨论()

短文改错题目前仍是全国卷高考英语试题的必考题之一。此题型并非难题，但得分率不高。下面让我们来认识一下“短文改错”的六个特点：

1. 一般都是内容较为浅显的记叙文；

2. 一般每行8-12词，共计120词左右；

3. 多数情况下，正确项1处；多词、少词项2-3处；错词项6-7处；

4. 短文改错题中的错误分为语法错误和逻辑错误两种；

5. 短文改错题的错误大都出现在句子表层，并不难发现。涉及段落上下文的，较难的错误多保持在3处以内，较难的一般是行文逻辑方面的错误；

6. 1999年之前的高考短文改错题中的句子相对比较简单，多为简单句或并列句。2000年之后短文改错题中的句子相对比较复杂，较长的复合句相对较多。

笔者归纳总结出对付“短文改错”题的九个有效手段，以帮助同学们逐步培养起判断、发现、纠正语篇中语言错误的能力。

I． 发现有平行结构时，要检查是否有词性错误（指应该用动词、名词还是形容词，以及平行结构中的词的正确形式等）。例如：

1. The doctor suggested plenty of food, rest and exercising.

此句中并列的平行结构应该是三个语法结构上相同的名词宾语，而exercising用了-ing形式，应当将其改为exercise。

2. He, like his parents, likes growing flowers and to watch growth of them.

此句中并列的平行结构应该是两个语法结构上相同的宾语，所以应当把to watch改为 watching。

II. 发现有比较结构时，要检查是否有形容词、副词的级，程度副词，比较的对象以及冠词方面的错误。例如：

1. People in the modern world generally live much more longer than people in the past.

该句中比较级形式重复，应去掉more。

2. There are more trees in villages than cities.

该句中比较对象应当是“in villages”与“in cities”, 所以应当在cities前面加上in。

3. In some places you can borrow many books as you want. (NMET 1994)

根据上下文不难发现，该句是含有“as．．． as”比较结构的句子，所以应当在many前加上as。

III. 发现有转折、因果、对比等结构时，要检查是否有行文逻辑方面的错误。 例如：

1. His company publishes books and he buys books all over the world.

按行文逻辑应当把buys改为sells才对。

2. I am trying to improve the situation since it doesn’t seem to work. (NMET 2004 I)

这里是转折而不是因果关系，所以应当把since改为but。

IV. 有多重结构句时，要检查是否有时态、语态、引导词或成分短缺错误。例如：

1. Tom asks Mary if she knows the man is speaking to her.

该句犯了多词或少词的错误，应当在is前加上who或者去掉is。

2. He lives in Beijing, where is the capital of China.

在这个非限制性定语从句中，引导词作主语，所以应当把where改为which。

3. Sometimes, we talked to each other very well in class, (NMET 2004 I)

整篇短文谈的是现在的事，所以应当把talked改为talk。

V. 有名词、代词时，要检查是否有数、格或指代不一致的错误。例如：

1. Different people speak different language.

应当把language改为languages。

2. Some people read the books or watch TV, while others have sports.

这里显然是一个指代不一致的错误，应当去掉the。

3. What a lovely weather we are having today!

weather为不可数名词，应去掉a。

VI. 发现并列主语，从句、不定代词、集合名词、非谓语动词、时间、金钱等作主语，together with等引导的成分修饰主语时，要检查是否有主谓不一致的错误。例如：

1. Playing football not only makes us grow tall and strong but also give us a sense of fair play and team spirit.

not only与but also后成分的结构应一致，故give应改为gives。

2. She as well as her brothers are fond of studying English.

are应当改为is。“单数名词＋with(together with, as well as, but等)＋其它名词”作主语时，其谓语应当用单数。

3. About ,000 have been spent in buying new dress for his beautiful wife this year.

have应改为has。“About ,000”作为一笔钱，被视为一个整体，谓语必须用单数。

VII. 有固定短语、词组时，要检查副词、介词、冠词是否使用错误。例如：

1. Suddenly I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd.

catch sight of “看见”，所以要去掉a。

2. When he came back, he found someone had broken in his house.

break into “破门而入”，所以要把in改为into。

3. Can you tell me about what I should do? (NMET 2004 I)

tell后可以加双宾语，所以应当把about去掉。

4. I’m sure they will laugh to me．．．(NMET 2004 I)

laugh at sb. “嘲笑某人”，所以应当把to改为at。

VIII. 发现有特殊动词结构时，要检查是否有非谓语动词或虚拟语气方面的错误。例如：

1. Don’t forget taking your umbrella when you leave here.

forget, remember, regret等后跟-ing形式表示“已经做过某事”；跟动词不定式的一般式表示“要做某事”。根据句意，应当把taking改为to take。

2. I suggested to go there with him after class.

suggest, advise, finish, mind, enjoy, require, practice, consider, miss, avoid, admit, delay, imagine, risk, keep, escape, resist等动词后要跟-ing形式作宾语。所以要把to go改为going。

3. He ordered that the work must be started at once.

order, demand, require, request, insist, propose, advise, suggest等动词后跟宾语从句时，宾语从句中的谓语要用“动词原形”或“should+动词原形”。所以要把must改为should或者把must去掉。

IX.发现有非谓语动词作状语、表语或定语时，要检查是否有非谓语动词和逻辑主语不一致的错误。例如:

The box is too heavy for the little boy to carry it.

该句型中不定式to carry逻辑上的宾语就是句子的主语，所以句中的it是多余的。