英语书面表达包含“中译英”(某些地区高考为改错题)及“短文写作”两大部分,这是主观试题,解题时,每个字都由同学们写出。同学们所写的单词、短语、句子、段落都要做到拼写、结构、表达正确。书面表达的能力,不能仅*听讲座,阅读相应教辅书,要想得到提高,主要途径是习作,经批改,再习作。 一、翻译步骤 同学们第一步要做的是复习巩固各句子成分:什么叫主语?什么叫谓语?谓语动词指什么?什么叫宾语、表语、复合宾语、宾语补足语。同时,也要搞清楚“定语”“状语”等句子成分的含义。而后要复习各句子的结构形态。从五种基本简单句句式到复合句句式,这些基础语言知识,各语法书均有。 第二步要做的是分类习作。“中译英”考核的是单句表达能力。那么表达指什么呢?说具体就是表达“fact”(叙事)及“opinion”(表意)。翻译句子的范围可分两类。其一,如何叙事。话题有:衣—食—住—行—学习—劳动—体育—电脑—看电影—旅游—社交互助—义工等12类。其二,如何表意。话题有:喜—怒—哀—乐—忧—赞成—反对—美—丑—祝贺赞扬—同情—批评等12大类。 在习作时,还可以就特殊句式,做一定的翻译训练。如if引导的各种句式,各倒装(inversion)句式,there be结构,the more . . . , the more . . . 结构以及祈使句等等。当然,陈述句句式是基础。 二、材料选择 关于材料,各类教辅书中都有充足的中译英习题。同学们在选择时,可以着意按上述话题范围来做取舍,做到每个话题,每个句式都有习作机会。但在选择过程中可以删除“中文不规范”的句子,或中文读上去都疙疙瘩瘩的句子。中文必须流畅。记住:Plain English is good English。此话也适用于中文。 三、常见错误 同学们常常犯的翻译错误有以下几种: 1. 句式错误:There are 500 students attend the meeting. (×) 【分析】 attend系谓语动词形式,应改正为attending,或去掉attend,换上介词at。 【提示】 there be结构句式不熟,句子成分概念混乱。 2. 错用动词:Work harder, if you want to come true your dream. (×) 【分析】 删come true,改用realize。 【提示】 动词用法没掌握。come true与realize作“实现”讲,同义。但,可以说sb. realizes his dream,也可以说sb.’s dream comes true。不可说sb. comes true sth. 3. 中式英语:The girl schools are not allowed students to wear make-up. (×) 【分析】 The girl schools do not allow students to wear make-up.(√) 【提示】 完全依汉语词序作逐字翻译,被动语态的形态没掌握。 4. 句子成分缺失:We against the suggestion but they in favor of it. (×) 【分析】 We are against the suggestion while they are in favor of it. 【提示】 一些词的词类没搞清,句子成分概念混乱。against系介词,in favor of系介词短语,句中缺失谓语动词。 5. 时态错:His grandfather has died for three years. (×) 【分析】 His grandfather died three years ago. (√) 【提示】 时态概念模糊。瞬间动词不可以同表示一段时间的时间状语连用。一般来说,中译英的差错多半与动词有关。 总之:中译英的错误在于语法基础薄弱,缺乏实践。此外,由于中文里动词没有时态及数的变化,所以翻译中,动词的错误是“事故高发地段”! 【例题】 1. 他的日程很满,学生们很难找到他。(inaccessible) 2. 朋友们对我周游世界的方式很感兴趣。(way) 3. 学生们逐渐认识到友谊胜过金钱,患难朋友才是真朋友。(realize)
4. 尽管有很多困难,我们仍将努力执行我们的计划。(in spite of)
5. 我没有想到汤姆会被选为学生会的主席。(occur) 6. 在叔叔的帮助下,汤姆写了一首动人的诗。(succeed) 7. 彼得每月留出一点钱以便在不久的将来购买一辆汽车。(set aside)
8. 在世界许多地区粮食供不应求。(adequate) 9. 人们都知道,“哪儿有苦难,哪儿就有红十字会的成员。”(wherever)
10. 保护环境是每个公民的职责。(It . . . ) Keys: 1. His busy schedule made him inaccessible to his students. 2. My friends are interested in the way I traveled around the world. 3. The students have come to realize that friendship is more important than money and that a friend in need is a friend indeed. 4. In spite of many difficulties, we will do our best to carry out our plan. 5. It never occurred/ didn’t occur to me that Tom would/ should be elected/ made chairman of the Student’s Union. 6. With the help/ aid of his uncle, Tom succeeded in writing a touching/ moving poem. 7. Peter sets aside some money every month so that he can buy a new car in the near future. 8. The supply of food is not adequate to the demand in many parts of the world. 9. People all know, “Wherever there is suffering, there are members of the Red Cross.” 10. It is the duty of every citizen to protect our environment. |
浙江省宁波市三锋教研联盟2023-2024学年高二下学期期中联考
重庆市巴蜀中学2023-2024学年高三上学期适应性月考(五)