江苏省常州市西夏墅中学高中英语 unit1 the world of our senses文化背景 牛津译林版必修3
kyoto protocol
the kyoto protocol is an international agreement linked to the united nations framework convention on climate change. the major feature of the kyoto protocol is that it sets binding targets for 37 industrialized countries and the european community for reducing greenhouse gas (ghg) emissions .these amount to an average of five per cent against 1990 levels over the five-year period 2008-2012.
the major distinction between the protocol and the convention is that while the convention encouraged industrialised countries to stabilize ghg emissions, the protocol commits them to do so.
recognizing that developed countries are principally responsible for the current high levels of ghg emissions in the atmosphere as a result of more than 150 years of industrial activity, the protocol places a heavier burden on developed nations under the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities.”
the kyoto protocol was adopted in kyoto, japan, on 11 december 1997 and entered into force on 16 february 2005. 184 parties of the convention have ratified its protocol to date. the detailed rules for the implementation of the protocol were adopted at cop 7 in marrakesh in 2001, and are called the “marrakesh accords.”
the kyoto mechanisms
under the treaty, countries must meet their targets primarily through national measures. however, the kyoto protocol offers them an additional means of meeting their targets by way of three market-based mechanisms.
the kyoto mechanisms are:
emissions trading – known as “the carbon market"
clean development mechanism (cdm)
joint implementation (ji).
the mechanisms help stimulate green investment and help parties meet their emission targets in a cost-effective way.
the kyoto protocol is generally seen as an important first step towards a truly global emission reduction regime that will stabilize ghg emissions, and provides the essential architecture for any future international agreement on climate change.
by the end of the first commitment period of the kyoto protocol in 2012, a new international framework needs to have been negotiated and ratified that can deliver the stringent emission reductions the intergovernmental panel on climate change (ipcc) has clearly indicated are needed.
