5.直接引语和间接引语
引述或转述别人的话称为“引语”。直接引用别人的原话,两边用引号“ “标出,叫做直接引语;用自己的语言转述别人的话,不需要引号这叫做间接引语,实际上间接引语大都是宾语从句(其中由祈使句转换的间接引语除外,其转换后是不定式)。那么直接引语为陈述句、一般疑问句、特殊疑问句和祈使句,转换为间接引语时,句子的结构,人称、时态、时间状语和地点状语等都要有变化,如何变化呢?
1、人称的转变
1)直接引语中的第一人称,一般转换为第三人称,如:
he said,“i am very sorry.” ——>he said that he was very sorry.
2)直接引语中的第二人称,如果原话是针对转述人说的,转换为第一人称,如:
“you should be more careful next time,” my father told me.——>
my father told me that i should be more careful the next time.
3)直接引语中的第二人称,如果原话是针对第三人称说的,转换成第三人称。如:
she said to her son, “i'll check your homework tonight.” ——>
she said to her son that she would check his homework that night.
4)人称的转换包括人称代词、物主代词和名词性物主代词等,如:
he asked me, “will you go to the station with me to meet a friend of mine this afternoon?” ——>
he asked me whether i would go to the station with him to meet a friend of his that afternoon.
总之,人称的转换不是固定的,具体情况,具体对待,要符合逻辑。
2、时态的转换
直接引语改为间接引语时,主句中的谓语动词如果是过去时,从句(即间接引语部分)的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化,变成过去时范畴的各种时态(实际也是宾语从句的时态要求),变化如下:
例如:
“i am very glad to visit your school”, she said. ——>
she said she was very glad to visit our school.
tom said, “we are listening to the pop music.” ——>
tom said that they were listening to the pop music.
mother asked, “have you finished your homework before you watch tv?” ——>
mother asked me whether i had finished my homework before i watched tv.
he asked the conductor, “where shall i get off to change to a no. 3 bus?” ——>
he asked the conductor where he would get off to change to a no. 3 bus.
“why did she refuse to go there?” the teacher asked. ——>
the teacher asked why she had refused to go there.
mother asked me, “had you finished your homework before you watched tv?” ——>
mother asked me whether i had finished my homework before i watched tv.
tom said, “we were having a football match this time yesterday.” ——>
tom said that they were having a football match that time the day before.
he said,“i haven't heard from my parents these days.” ——>
he said that he hadn't heard from his parents those days.
3、直接引语变成间接引语时,从句时态无须改变的情况
1)当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时的时候,如:
he always says, “i am tired out.” ——>he always says that he is tired out.
2)当主句的谓语动词是将来时的时候,如:
he will say, “i’ll try my best to help you.” ——>he will say that he will try his best to help me.
3)当直接引语部分带有具体的过去时间状语时,如:
he said, “i went to college in 1994.” ——>he told us that he went to college in 1994.
4)当直接引语中有以when, while引导的从句,表示过去的时间时,如: